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Studies in the History of Natural Sciences  2021, Vol. 40 Issue (2): 149-160    DOI:
ARTICLES     
On Changes of Manure in Pre-modern China
XIONG Dibing1, HUI Fuping2
1. College of History & Tourism, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China;
2. Institution of History of Science & Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Abstract  In China, the technique of making straw manure was first recorded in the preliminary chapter Zashuo (杂说,Miscellaneous Sayings) in Qimin yaoshu (齐民要术,Important Means of Subsistence for the Common People). The original method was to lay crop straw under cattle on winter nights, then collected the mixture of feces and litter as fertilizer the next morning. Many subsequent texts quote this source text of the Zashuo, or summarize the technical essentials, right up to the late Qing Dynasty. Meanwhile, the technique was also being changed and developed. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, waste like grass, soil, plant ash and stubble also could be laid down in housing for farm livestock such as pigs, sheep and horses etc., and the time for making manure was extended to cover the whole year. At the same time, spaces utilized were not limited only to livestock housing, but also expanded to places where livestock spent their waking hours. In traditional society, manure was used as base fertilizer mostly, and it was also used as topdressing, but not universally. Since barnyard manure came from different livestock and different waste, the fertilizer included various nutrients, humus and microorganism. Therefore, it was necessary to use the manure according to local conditions, crops and seasons, reflecting the systematization of techniques.

Key words： crop straw      straw manure      barnyard manure      animal litter     
Received: 15 November 2019      Published: 27 January 2022
ZTFLH:  N092  
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XIONG Dibing, HUI Fuping. On Changes of Manure in Pre-modern China. Studies in the History of Natural Sciences, 2021, 40(2): 149-160.

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http://www.shns.ac.cn/     OR     http://www.shns.ac.cn/Y2021/V40/I2/149

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